Etymology:
The word "ergative" derives from the Greek language, specifically the word "ergon," which means "work" or "action."
Meaning:
In linguistics, the ergative case is a grammatical case that marks the agent or performer of a transitive verb (i.e., a verb that has a direct object). It is typically used in ergative-absolutive languages, where the subject of an intransitive verb (i.e., a verb without a direct object) is marked by a different case (the absolutive case).
Origin:
The concept of the ergative case originated in Basque studies in the 19th century. However, the term "ergative" was first coined by the German linguist Franz Bopp in his 1824 work "Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechischen, lateinischen, persischen und germanischen Sprache" (On the Conjugation System of Sanskrit in Comparison with the Greek, Latin, Persian, and Germanic Languages).
In Basque, transitive verbs are conjugated with an ergative suffix instead of an accusative suffix like in nominative-accusative languages. This led early Basque scholars to propose that Basque had an ergative case system.
Later, linguists realized that the ergative case was a common feature in many languages around the world, including Mayan languages, some Tibetan languages, and languages of the Caucasus and New Guinea.
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