Etymology
The term "monad" comes from the Greek word "μονάς" (monas), meaning "a single unit" or "an individual." It was first used in philosophy by the Greek philosopher Plato, who referred to the monad as a fundamental, indivisible, and unchanging entity.
Meaning
In mathematics, a monad is a mathematical structure that represents a single entity that can be composed with itself in various ways. In computer science, it is often used to represent a computation that takes a single input and produces a single output.
More generally, monads are used in various fields to represent abstract concepts that involve some kind of composition or transformation of a single item.
Origin
The concept of the monad originated in philosophy. In Plato's philosophy, the monad was considered the ultimate, indivisible, and perfect reality from which all other things are derived. The concept was later adopted by other philosophers, including Aristotle and the Neoplatonists.
In the 19th century, the mathematician Richard Dedekind introduced the term "monad" into mathematics to describe a type of number that can be constructed from a single operation. This definition was later generalized by the mathematician Georg Cantor, who defined a monad as any set that is a subset of itself.
In the 20th century, the concept of monads was further developed in category theory by mathematicians such as Alexander Grothendieck and Jean Bénabou. They introduced the idea of a monad as a functor that has a left and right adjoint. This definition is now commonly used in computer science and other fields that use category theory.
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