Etymology
The word "toughness" is derived from the Middle English word "tough," which in turn is derived from the Old English word "tōh." The word "tōh" is thought to be related to the Proto-Germanic word "*tauhō," which means "tough" or "strong."
Meaning and Origin
Toughness is a measure of the ability of a material to resist deformation or fracture under stress. It is typically measured by the amount of energy required to break the material.
Toughness is an important property for a wide variety of materials, including metals, plastics, and composites. It is often used to compare the strength of different materials, and to determine which materials are best suited for specific applications.
The toughness of a material is determined by a number of factors, including the material's composition, microstructure, and processing history. Composition refers to the chemical makeup of the material, while microstructure refers to the arrangement of atoms and molecules within the material. Processing history refers to the steps taken to create the material, such as heat treatment or cold working.
Toughness is often improved by adding alloying elements to the material. Alloying elements can change the composition and microstructure of the material, making it stronger and more resistant to deformation. Processing history can also improve toughness by creating a more uniform microstructure and reducing the number of defects in the material.
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