Etymology:
The word "manifold" has its origins in two Latin words:
Meaning:
A manifold is a geometric object that is locally similar to Euclidean space. It can be thought of as a surface that can be smoothly bent and curved. Manifolds can be of various dimensions, including 1-dimensional curves, 2-dimensional surfaces, and higher-dimensional spaces.
Origin:
The term "manifold" was first used by the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann in his 1854 paper "On the Hypotheses Which Lie at the Foundations of Geometry." Riemann used the concept of a manifold to develop his theory of Riemann surfaces, which are important in the study of complex analysis and differential geometry.
Applications:
Manifolds are used in various fields of mathematics, physics, and engineering, including:
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