The term "artesian" refers to:
Water sources: An artesian well or aquifer is one in which water is confined under pressure beneath an impermeable layer and rises to the surface when tapped.
Geology: Artesian structures are geological formations that contain artesian water.
The term "artesian" originated from the region of Artois in northern France, where artesian wells have been known since the 12th century. The artesian aquifer in Artois is a chalk formation that extends to the Paris Basin. When a well is drilled into this aquifer, water rises to the surface due to the pressure of the overlying layers.
The presence of artesian water in Artois was first noticed in the early 12th century, when monks dug a well in the town of Lillers. The well produced a powerful flow of water that could be used to power mills and irrigate fields. The term "artesian" was first used in 1726 by the French scientist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, who described the geological structure of the Artois aquifer.
Artesian wells have been an important source of water for many centuries, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. They provide a reliable and relatively clean source of water, and they can be used to irrigate crops, provide drinking water for livestock, and power machinery.
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