Etymology:
The word "calcitrant" comes from the Latin word "calcitrāns," which means "kicking" or "resisting stubbornly." It is derived from the verb "calcitro," which means "to kick" or "to spurn."
Meaning:
Calcitrant refers to a person or animal that is stubbornly resistant or uncooperative. It implies open and defiant opposition to authority or the wishes of others.
Origin:
The Latin word "calcitrans" was first used in the 16th century to describe horses that were difficult to handle and refused to obey their riders. It was later extended to humans to describe those who resisted authority or refused to follow orders.
The word "calcitrant" has been in use in English since the 17th century. It is often used in formal or literary contexts to describe someone who is particularly difficult to deal with or who shows overt resistance.
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