Etymology
The name Hanoi is derived from two Vietnamese words:
Meaning
Hanoi literally means "the city inside the river", referring to its location within the Red River Delta.
Origin
The name Hanoi was officially adopted in 1831 during the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng. However, the area where Hanoi now stands has been inhabited for centuries.
The original settlement was known as Long Biên during the reign of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty (c. 2879-258 BCE). It served as the capital of Âu Lạc, the first unified kingdom of Vietnam.
Later, during the Chinese Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), the area was renamed Giao Chỉ (literally, "Gateway to the South"). It became an administrative center under Chinese rule.
In the 10th century CE, during the Lý Dynasty, the settlement was renamed Thăng Long (昇龍), meaning "ascending dragon". It became the capital of the independent kingdom of Đại Việt.
In 1428, after the Ming Dynasty invaded and occupied Thăng Long, the capital was moved to Nghệ An province. Thăng Long was later renamed Đông Đô (東都), meaning "eastern capital".
Finally, in 1831, Emperor Minh Mạng restored the capital to Thăng Long and named it Hà Nội. The name has remained the same ever since.
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